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Islamic economics ((アラビア語:الاقتصاد الإسلامي)), is a term used to refer to Islamic commercial jurisprudence or ''fiqh al-mu'āmalāt'' ((アラビア語:فقه المعاملات)), and also to an ideology that takes a middle ground between the systems of Marxism and capitalism, based on the teachings of Islam.〔 Islamic commercial jurisprudence entails the rules of transacting finance or other economic activity in a ''Shari'a'' compliant manner,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.islamicbanker.com/dictionary/f/fiqh-al-muamalat )〕 i.e., a manner conforming to Islamic scripture (Quran and sunnah). Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'') has traditionally dealt with determining what is required, prohibited, encouraged, discouraged, or just permissible,〔 according to (what Muslims believe to be) the revealed word of God (Quran) and the religious practices established by the (Islamic) Prophet (sunnah). This applied to issues like property, money, employment, taxes, along with everything else. The social science of economics, on the other hand, studied how to best achieve certain policy goals, such as full employment, price stability, economic equity and productivity growth.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=economic+goals )〕 In the mid-twentieth century, campaigns began promoting the idea of specifically Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior.〔 By the 1970s, "Islamic economics" was introduced as an academic discipline in a number of institutions of higher learning throughout the Muslim world and in the West.〔 The central features of an Islamic economy are often summarized as: (1) the "behavioral norms and moral foundations" derived from the Quran and Sunnah; (2) collection of ''Zakat'' and other Islamic taxes, (3) prohibition of interest (''riba'') charged on loans.〔(''The economic system in contemporary Islamic thought: Interpretation and assessment'' ), by Timur Kuran, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 18, 1986, pp. 135–64〕〔Quran (Al-Baqarah 2:275), (Al-Baqarah 2:276–80), (Al-'Imran 3:130), (Al-Nisa 4:161), (Ar-Rum 30:39)〕〔Financial Regulation in Crisis?: The Role of Law and the Failure of Northern Rock By Joanna Gray, Orkun Akseli p. 97〕 Advocates of Islamic economics generally describe it as neither socialist nor capitalist, but as a "third way", an ideal mean with none of the drawbacks of the other two systems.〔(Islam and Economic Justice: A 'Third Way' Between Capitalism and Socialism? )〕〔(How Do We Know Islam Will Solve the Problems of Poverty and Inequality? )〕 Among the claims made for an Islamic economic system by Islamic activists and revivalists are that the gap between the rich and the poor will be reduced and prosperity enhanced〔Quran 4:29〕〔''International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment'' By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 203〕 by such means as the discouraging of the hoarding of wealth,〔Quran 9:35〕〔Al-Bukhari Vol 2 Hadith 514〕 taxing wealth (through ''zakat'') but not trade, exposing lenders to risk through Profit sharing and venture capital,〔Ibn Majah Vol 3 Hadith 2289〕〔International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 202〕〔Islamic Capital Markets: Theory and Practice By Noureddine Krichene p. 119〕 discouraging of hoarding of food for speculation,〔Abu Daud Hadith 2015〕〔Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154〕〔''The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment'' By Zamir Iqbal, Abbas Mirakhor, Noureddine Krichenne, Hossein Askari p. 75〕 and other sinful activities such as unlawful confiscation of land.〔Al-Bukhari Vol 3 Hadith 632; Vol 4 Hadith 419〕〔Al-Bukhari Vol 3 Hadith 634; Vol 4 Hadith 418〕 ==Definitions and descriptions== *"that branch of knowledge which helps to realize human well-being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resources that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom or creating continued macroeconomic and ecological imbalances.” (Umar Chapra) *"the study of an ... economy which abides by the rules of the Shariah", i.e. an Islamic economy. (A definition used by some, according to M. Anas Zarqa)〔Zarqa, M. Anas. (2008), ''Duality of sources in Islamic economics, and its methodological consequences''. Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1–3 April, Jeddah. http://islamiccenter.kaau.edu.sa/7iecon/index.html. p.30〕〔Khan, ''What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?'', 2013: p.4〕 *"a discipline that is guided by the Shariah and studies all human societies" (A definition used by others, according to M. Anas Zarqa)〔〔 *"restatements of Islamic economic teachings", using "modern economic jargon". (What most of the knowledge content in the body of Islamic economics amounts to according to economist Muhammad Akram Khan)〔Khan, ''What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?'', 2013: p.xv〕 *an ideology * *"a revolutionary ideology" to change "the corrupt reality ... into a pure one", and "not a science of political economy" or "an objective analysis of existing reality". (Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari) * *an "ideological construct" developed by 20th century Islamists (by Abul A'la Maududi, Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Abolhassan Banisadr, etc.) taking basic prescriptions from sharia (Islamic law), and systematizing and conceptualizing them "to construct a coherent and functional ensemble offering a middle ground between the two systems of the twentieth century, Marxism and capitalism." (Social scientist Olivier Roy) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islamic economics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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